The territory of Larderello, located in the municipality of Pomarance, is characterized by fluid emerging from the soil (natural splits or artificial perforations). The fluids are made of steam and water (95%), carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane and other substances including boron salts. The emissions can reach a temperature of 130°-160° and a pressure between 4 and 14 atmospheres.
In Larderello, is located one of the largest geothermal plants in the world: energy produced constitutes nearly one third of Tuscany’s energy production.

The three research Institutes of Pisa (University, S.Anna School of Advanced Studies, CNR-Institute for earth sciences and resources) together with the Consortium for geothermal development areas (COSVIG) and the Municipality of Pomarance, founded a Centre of Excellence on Geothermal and Renewable Energies-only experience in Italy. The Centre is dedicated to applied research, training activities, technical and scientific advice. The Centre meets scholars and operators from all the world.

Over the years the province, has joined efforts aiming to save energy:
- in the communities of Chianni and Pontedera are active wind farms and another wind farm is being built in the town of Montecatini Val di Cecina.
- in the context of sustainable mobility, the use of hydrogen technologies is tested on non-traditional applications, on engines from traditional technologies and it is also studied hydrogen supply from renewable sources or from oil refining byproducts.
- the municipality of Peccioli, is implementing on a hectare of land, a photovoltaic field to produce at least 1000 kWp, amounting to about 1.300.000.000kwh year. The investment, will be financed by a company and citizens, through a bond issue.